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Tracy Anne Stockwell, OAM, (born January 11, 1963), née Tracy Anne Caulkins, is an American former competition swimmer, three-time Olympic gold medalist, five-time world champion, and former world record-holder in three events.
Caulkins was noted for her versatility and ability in all four major competitive swimming strokes: the butterfly stroke, breaststroke, backstroke and freestyle. Caulkins won forty-eight national championships and set American records in all four strokes over a range of distances as well as in the individual medley (IM) events, which combine all four strokes over the course of a single race. Her versatility brought Caulkins many titles and awards, and as a result she is considered one of the greatest swimmers of all time. By the time she retired from competitive swimming in 1984, Caulkins had set five world records and sixty-three American records (more than any other American swimmer, male or female).
Thirteen-year-old Caulkins competed in her first U.S. national swimming championships in 1976. A year later, she returned to the 1977 U.S. Short-Course Championships to set U.S. records in the 200-yard and 400-yard individual medley events.Jerry Kirshenbaum, " They're Bracing for Berlin ," Sports Illustrated (August 29, 1977). Retrieved November 24, 2014. She set a third U.S. record while finishing second behind Canadian swimmer Robin Corsiglia in the 100-yard breaststroke.
At the age of 15, Caulkins won five gold medals and a silver medal at the 1978 World Championships in West Berlin.Jerry Kirshenbaum, " Uncle Sam's Girls Play It Again ," Sports Illustrated (September 4, 1978). Retrieved November 24, 2014. She won the 200-meter individual medley, the 400-meter individual medley, and the 200-meter butterfly, and was a member of the winning U.S. teams in the 4×100-meter medley relay, and the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. In the process, she set four world records and one American record. Largely as a result of her performance in Berlin, Caulkins won the 1978 James E. Sullivan Award, given by the Amateur Athletic Union in recognition of the most outstanding American amateur athlete of the year.Associated Press, " Sports News Briefs; Tracy Caulkins, Swimmer, Gets Sullivan Award at 16," The New York Times (February 9, 1979). Retrieved November 24, 2014.AAU Sullivan Memorial Award, Past Winners, Tracy Caulkins. Retrieved July 25, 2011. At 15 years old, she was the youngest-ever recipient of the Sullivan Award.Frank Litsky, " Tracy Caulkins Rules Swimming World," The New York Times (January 7, 1981). Retrieved November 24, 2014.
She followed her World Championship success with a series of dominating finishes in U.S. competition. At the 1979 U.S. Short-Course Championships in East Los Angeles, California, she set five U.S. records in the 100-yard breaststroke, 500-yard freestyle, the 400-yard individual medley, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 100-yard freestyle on the first leg of the 400-yard relay.Joe Jares, " Caulkins Gave 'em Five," Sports Illustrated (April 23, 1979). Retrieved November 24, 2014. She also helped her club team, Nashville Aquatic, win the 400-yard medley relay and place second in the 800-yard freestyle relay. Despite setting the new records, however, she was not at her physical best; she was suffering from the after-effects of a viral infection. Three months later, she won four gold medals and two silvers at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico.Joe Marshall, " Feeling Right at Home in San Juan ," Sports Illustrated (July 16, 1979). Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Following her gold-medal performance at the 1978 World Championship, Caulkins was expected to win multiple medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR,For a comparison of Caulkins's qualifying times at the 1980 U.S. Olympic Trials and the winning times from the 1980 Olympic finals, see Joe Marshall, " All That Glitter Was Not Gold," Sports Illustrated (August 16, 1980). Retrieved November 24, 2014. and qualified to compete in five individual events at the U.S. Olympic Trials, and likely would have been selected as a member of one of the relay teams as well." Legends of the Pool: Tracy Caulkins, the most underrated swimmer ever," SwimSwam.com (2010). Retrieved November 26, 2014. However, the U.S. Olympic team and 65 other nations boycotted the 1980 Games following the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Caulkins's dream of Olympic gold was deferred by war and politics, so she quietly looked ahead to 1984.Glenn Miller, " Beyond the pool length with Tracy Caulkins," The Evening Independent, p. 1C (December 8, 1981). Retrieved November 24, 2014.
As an 18-year-old high school senior, she set four American short-course records at the 1981 U.S. Short-Course Championships in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Demmie Stathoplos, " She Pooled Her Talents: The Short Course Championships were a showcase for versatile Tracy Caulkins," Sports Illustrated (April 20, 1981). Retrieved November 24, 2014. In each of the four events, she bettered her own previously set American record: the 100-yard breaststroke, 200-yard backstroke, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 400-yard individual medley.
Over the next three years, Caulkins maintained her training regimen while attending the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she swam for coach Randy Reese's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1982 to 1984. Florida Swimming & Diving 2014–15 Media Supplement , University Athletic Association, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 82, 83, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99 (2014). Retrieved March 7, 2015. Caulkins followed her older sister Amy to the University of Florida, where Amy was already an established member of the Florida Gators swim team. With Caulkins leading the way as a freshman, the Gators won the NCAA team championship in 1982; the Gators finished second in 1983 and third in 1984. Individually, in three years as a Gator swimmer, she won sixteen NCAA championships and twelve Southeastern Conference (SEC) individual titles, and received twenty-one All-American honors. She was the SEC's Female Swimmer of the Year in 1983 and 1984, and was recognized as the SEC's Female Athlete of the Year in 1984. She was the recipient of the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving for three consecutive years, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year.Collegiate Women Sports Awards, Past Honda Sports Award Winners for Swimming & Diving. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
At the 1982 U.S. Short-Course Championships in Gainesville, the 19-year-old again won national championships in the 200-yard backstroke, 400-yard individual medley, the 200-yard individual medley, and the 100-yard breaststroke.Craig Neff, " Some Old and Some New ," Sports Illustrated (April 19, 1982). Retrieved November 24, 2014. With thirty-nine national championships to date, Caulkins surpassed the legendary Johnny Weissmuller's record total of thirty-six.
Even as she continued to win against fellow Americans in 1982 and 1983, however, she was slumping and falling behind her international competition. She set no new international records, and was increasingly frustrated with her own performances.Demmie Stathoplos, " A Pool Party With Records ," Sports Illustrated (August 15, 1983). Retrieved November 24, 2014. At the 1982 World Championships in Guayaquil, Ecuador, she finished a distant third in both the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley events against her East German competition, and failed to place in the third event in which she was entered. At the 1983 U.S. Long-Course Championships in Fresno, California, she finished five seconds slower than her own American record in the 400-meter individual medley and finished second behind Mary T. Meagher in the 200-meter butterfly. At the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela, held later the same month, she likewise won her two signature events in the 200-meter and 400-meter individual medley, but did not approach her own personal bests.
Afterward, Caulkins rededicated herself to coach Randy Reese's rigorous training methods. In an international invitational meet of 26 nations held in Austin, Texas, in January 1984, she defeated her East German rivals in both individual medley events.Craig Neff, " America's Women Are Flying High Once More ," Sports Illustrated (January 16, 1984). Retrieved November 24, 2014. At the NCAA national championships later that spring, she won four individual titles in the 200- and 400-yard individual medleys, 100-yard breaststroke, and 200-yard butterfly, and was a member of the Gators' winning relay teams in the 4×100-yard and 4×200-yard freestyle events. She set new NCAA records in three events, and a new American record in the 200-yard individual medley.
At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, Caulkins served as the captain of the U.S. women's swim team,Margaret D. Binnicker, " Tracy Caulkins Stockwell," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville, Tennessee (2011). Retrieved November 24, 2014. and finally realized her childhood dream of winning an Olympic gold medal. On July 29, she won her first gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley, beating Australian Suzie Landells by over nine seconds. On August 3, she won her second gold medal in the 200-meter individual medley with an Olympic record time of 2:12.64, besting fellow American Nancy Hogshead by over two and a half seconds. And later that same day, she won her third gold medal by swimming the breaststroke leg as a member of the winning U.S. team in the 400-meter medley relay, together with teammates Theresa Andrews (backstroke), Mary T. Meagher (butterfly), and Nancy Hogshead (freestyle).Craig Neff, " Four Finals, Two Records and Five Gold Medals ," Sports Illustrated (August 6, 1984). Retrieved November 24, 2014.databaseOlympics.com, Athletes, Tracy Caulkins . Retrieved July 12, 2010. She also finished fourth in the 100-meter breaststroke, one second behind winner Petra van Staveren.
Caulkins ended her competition swimming career having set five world records and sixty-three American records, and having won forty-eight national championship titles.John Lohn, Historical Dictionary of Competitive Swimming, Scarecrow Press, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, p. 21 (2010). Retrieved March 6, 2015.
She married Mark Stockwell, an Olympic Swimming Medalist from Australia and a fellow University of Florida alumnus, and has lived in Australia since shortly after graduating from the University of Florida.Sam Hovland, " Caulkins still holding down records: Former Florida swimmer held five world, 63 American marks ," NCAA.com (March 26, 2012). Retrieved November 24, 2012. They live in Queensland, Australia, with their five children.
Caulkins is now an American-Australian dual citizen.Amy Rosewater, " For Tracy Caulkins, 1984 Games Were Well Worth The Wait," TeamUSA.org (July 29, 2014). Retrieved March 4, 2015. In 2008, she was recognized, under her married name, Tracy Anne Stockwell, "For service to sport as an administrator and proponent of sporting opportunities for women" with the Medal of the Order of Australia by the Australian government.Australian Government, Honours, Tracy Anne Stockwell . Retrieved November 24, 2014. After receiving the medal, the American transplant described herself as "one proud Australian."
Women's 200-meter individual medley
Women's 400-meter individual medley
Women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay
Note: All record times and locations are sourced to USA Swimming's list of world records.USASwimming, Women's Records . Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Life after competition swimming
In the aftermath of the 1984 Olympics, the 21-year-old Caulkins decided to forgo her senior year of NCAA eligibility at the University of Florida to focus on completing her degree requirements, and announced her retirement from competition swimming.Denne H. Freeman, " Tracy Caulkins announces retirement," The Gettysburg Times, p. 8 (August 6, 1984). Retrieved March 4, 2015. She graduated from Florida with her bachelor's degree in broadcasting in 1985, University of Florida Alumni Directory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (2000). and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great."F Club, Hall of Fame, Gator Greats. Retrieved November 24, 2014. Caulkins was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1983,Florida Sports Hall of Fame, Inductees, Tracy Caulkins (1988). Retrieved November 24, 2014. the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1990, and the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame, Inductees, Caulkins Stockwell, Tracy. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
World records
Women's 200-meter butterfly
2:09.87= August 26, 1978 FINA World Championships West Berlin, West Germany 2:15.09 August 2, 1978 AAU Long-Course National Championships The Woodlands, Texas 2:14.07 August 30, 1978 FINA World Championships West Berlin, West Germany 2:13.69 January 5, 1980 USA Women's International Swimming Austin, TexasUnited Press International, " Miss Caulkins Snaps Second Swim Mark," The New York Times (January 7, 1980). Retrieved November 10, 2014. 4:40.83 August 23, 1978 FINA World Championships West Berlin, West Germany 3:43.43 August 26, 1978 FINA World Championships West Berlin, West Germany
See also
Bibliography
External links
Categories: 1963 Births, Living People, American Emigrants To Australia, American Female Backstroke Swimmers, American Female Breaststroke Swimmers, American Female Butterfly Swimmers, American Female Freestyle Swimmers, American Female Medley Swimmers, Florida Gators Women's Swimmers, World Record Setters In Swimming, James E. Sullivan Award Recipients, Olympic Gold Medalists For The United States In Swimming, People From Winona, Minnesota, Recipients Of The Medal Of The Order Of Australia, Swimmers From Nashville, Tennessee, Swimmers At The 1984 Summer Olympics, World Aquatics Championships Medalists In Swimming, Medalists At The 1984 Summer Olympics, Swimmers At The 1979 Pan American Games, Swimmers At The 1983 Pan American Games, Medalists At The 1979 Pan American Games, Medalists At The 1983 Pan American Games, Southeastern Conference Athlete Of The Year Winners, 20th-century American Sportswomen
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